THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

 

The Big Bang Theory                                                                                                                                                                      =Widely accepted and the current model for how the universe started, The Big Bang Theory is the best explanation scientists have today. This theory states that the universe started out of what is known as a singularity 13.7 billion years Moments after that explosion the universe started inflating faster than the speed of light as particles interacted with one another. In a process that took billions of years to evolve the universe that exists today formed. Astronomers have discovered in recent years that the universe is still expanding and this expansion is accelerating.The Big Bang Theory is the most accepted theory for the origin and evolution of our universe. The big bang theory states that at some time in the distant past there was nothing. It suggests that around 10 to 14 billion years ago, the part of the universe we can see today was only a few millimeters across. According to this theory, at the beginning of time, all of the matter and energy in the universe was concentrated in a very dense state, from which it "exploded" and this is known as the Big Bang.The Big Bang marks the instant at which the universe began. From a dense, hot ball of gas, radiation and subatomic particles. This exploded and began expanding rapidly outward. As it expanded it cooled and electrons, protons and neutrons formed. As the universe grew in size, the temperature dropped, which eventually formed huge numbers of Hydrogen, Helium and Lithium nuclei. After many millions of years the expanding universe, at first a very hot gas, thinned and cooled enough to condense into individual galaxies and then stars. Stars and galaxies began to form about one billion years following the Big Bang. It has since expanded from this hot dense state into the vast and much cooler cosmos we currently inhabit.

The Big Bounce Theory

                                    =This is a theory that states there was actually something before the Big Bang. It suggests that another universe went through a Big Crunch and then 'bounced' back and gave birth to this universe. The Big Bounce seems to solve the problem of the unknown singularity factor of the Big Bang. It takes away the notion that the universe came to be from an infinite dense area with no mass, which goes against all mathematical notions.

Cyclic Universe Theory

                              =As the name implies, a cyclic universe explodes into existence in a Big Bang, and crunches out of existence over and over again in an endless cycle.The Cyclic Universe Theory could explain the mystery of why the 'cosmological constant' is accelerating, which the Big Bang theory could not account for.

 Steady State Theory

                                   = Another alternative to the Big Bang theory is the Steady State theory. This theory was developed by Fred Hoyle and Thomas Gold in 1949. Ironically, Fred Hoyle was the person who coined the term 'Big Bang', sort of as a way to make fun of a theory he did not advocate.Steady State theory claims that the universe had no beginning, but it created new matter as older galaxies moved apart. However, discovery of the CMB (Cosmic Microwave Background radiation) became a big blow against Steady State.

 Plasma Theory

                          =The"plasma theory," which rejects the big bang theory, is a recent and controversial concept of cosmology. Swedish Nobel laureate Hannes Olof Göst Alfvén is the chief proponent of the theory. He and his colleagues discredit the big bang theory in favor of electrical and magnetic processes involving plasma (hot electrical conducting gases). While the big bang cosmologists claim over 90 percent of the universe is invisible, primarily composed of dark matter, plasma theorists believe 99 percent of the matter is composed of plasma. The big bang universe is based solely on terms of gravity, using Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity; the plasma theory is based on electromagnetism.

 The Oscillating Universe                                                                                                           

                                           =Theory This is another idea by *George Gamow. It says that when the universe finally runs down, another Big Bang will start it going again. The main difference is that, while the first Bang occurred when nothing exploded into all the matter in the universe, the later ones would be the result of all the matter packing into a tiny point and then exploding again.

The Nebular Hypothesis (also called the Planetesimal Theory)
                                    = says that, as the gas swirled around, eddies of gas caused the sun and planets. All seven theories require circling gas which contracts into the sun. We have already disproved the basics underlying this concept. Many say that material from the sun made the planets and moons. But the elemental composition of each of the planets is different from the sun and from one another. One could not come from the other. In addition, the sun would have to rotate extremely fast to hurl off planets and moons, yet it rotates very slowly.


The Gas Cloud Theory
                                     =says gas clouds were pulled in from outer space by our sun's gravity; then they paused, formed themselves into planets and moons, and began circling one another. But gas does not clump, and linear motion toward the sun would not change into circular motion around it.

 The Planetary Collision Theory                                                                                                                                                                 =says our world collided with a small planet, producing our moon. But such an impact would totally destroy our planet. How could such an impact produce a circling moon? This would have had to be repeated for all 150 moons in our solar system. The theory would require thousands of planets passing through our solar system, for enough direct hits to produce all our moons.

 The Fision Theory 

                               =says that our sun burst and sent out the planets and moons. But they would fly outward forever; they would not stop and begin circling the sun or one another.

  The Capture Theory 

                                     =says our planets and moons were wandering around and were captured by our sun. But they would then crash into the sun; they would not circle it or one another. We never see planets or moons flying by us today, yet we now know of at least 150 moons in our solar system.

  The Stellar Collision Theory 

                                              =says that two stars collided, and produced our planets and moons. But they would not then pause and circle one of the suns which was waiting placidly to receive them. They would either be hurled away from the sun or crash back into it.  

  The Accretion Theory 

                                      =says that small chunks of material gradually got together and formed our planet. Then more chunks formed our moon, which began circling us. This idea is pretty far out also. The planets, moons, and asteroids are all in carefully arranged orbits. The meteors fly fast in linear motion. No chunks are just floating around, and those chunks would not stick together anyway.